Introduction to Kubernetes Kops for Beginners
By
Avi
Let’s learn about Kops, a Kubernetes operations tool.
Kubernetes is one of the most popular DevOps tools because of its amazing container orchestration system and features. But although Kubernetes offers so many functionalities, setting up a Kubernetes cluster from scratch is painful. This is where Kops comes into the picture.
With Kops, it is a cakewalk to create a Kubernetes cluster on cloud providers like AWS, Google Cloud, etc. It makes setting up a Kubernetes cluster hassle-free, and in this article, I will discuss this awesome tool.
What is Kops?
Kops, also known as Kubernetes operations, is an open-source, official Kubernetes project, which allows you to create, maintain, upgrade and destroy a highly available production-grade Kubernetes cluster. It provisions the cloud infrastructure also depending on the requirement. The developers of Kops describe it as kubectl for Kubernetes clusters.
Kops is mostly used in deploying AWS and GCE Kubernetes clusters. Kops officially supports only AWS, other cloud providers such as DigitalOcean, GCE, and OpenStack are in the beta stage.
If you have worked on kubectl before, you will feel comfortable working on Kops. Kops provides commands to create, get, update, delete clusters. In addition, Kops knows how to apply changes in the existing clusters as it uses declarative configuration. With Kops, you can also scale up and down a Kubernetes cluster.
Below are the features of Kops:
- Deploys Kubernetes masters with high availability
- Rolling cluster updates are supported
- Automates the provisioning of AWS and GCE Kubernetes clusters
- Manages cluster add-ons
- Autocompletion of command in the command line
- Generates CloudFormation and Terraform configurations
- Supports state-sync model for dry-runs and automatic idempotency
- Creates instance groups to support heterogeneous clusters
Installing Kops
Below are simple steps to install Kops on a Linux environment. I am using Ubuntu 20.x.
First, download Kops from the releases package. The command below downloads the latest package of Kops.
geekflare@ip-170-11-26-119:~$ curl -Lo kops https://github.com/kubernetes/kops/releases/download/$(curl -s https://api.github.com/repos/kubernetes/kops/releases/latest | grep tag_name | cut -d '"' -f 4)/kops-linux-amd64
Saving to: ‘kops-linux-amd64’
100%[=========================================================================================================================================================================>] 81,964,000 8.37MB/s in 7.1s
2021-06-10 16:23:19 (7.84 MB/s) - ‘kops-linux-amd64’ saved [81964000/81964000]You need to provide executable permission to the kops file you downloaded and move it to /usr/local/bin/ directory.
geekflare@ip-170-11-26-119:~$ sudo chmod +x kops-linux-amd64
geekflare@ip-170-11-26-119:~$ sudo mv kops-linux-amd64 /usr/local/bin/kopsInstallation is done. Now you can run the kops command to verify the installation.
geekflare@ip-170-11-26-119:~$ kops
kops is Kubernetes ops.
kops is the easiest way to get a production grade Kubernetes cluster up and running. We like to think of it as kubectl for clusters.
kops helps you create, destroy, upgrade and maintain production-grade, highly available, Kubernetes clusters from the command line. AWS (Amazon Web Services) is currently officially supported, with GCE and VMware vSphere in alpha support.
Usage:
kops [command]
Available Commands:
completion Output shell completion code for the given shell (bash or zsh).
create Create a resource by command line, filename or stdin.
delete Delete clusters,instancegroups, or secrets.
describe Describe a resource.
edit Edit clusters and other resources.
export Export configuration.
get Get one or many resources.
import Import a cluster.
replace Replace cluster resources.
rolling-update Rolling update a cluster.
toolbox Misc infrequently used commands.
update Update a cluster.
upgrade Upgrade a kubernetes cluster.
validate Validate a kops cluster.
version Print the kops version information.
Flags:
--alsologtostderr log to standard error as well as files
--config string config file (default is $HOME/.kops.yaml)
-h, --help help for kops
--log_backtrace_at traceLocation when logging hits line file:N, emit a stack trace (default :0)
--log_dir string If non-empty, write log files in this directory
--logtostderr log to standard error instead of files (default false)
--name string Name of cluster
--state string Location of state storage
--stderrthreshold severity logs at or above this threshold go to stderr (default 2)
-v, --v Level log level for V logs
--vmodule moduleSpec comma-separated list of pattern=N settings for file-filtered logging
Use "kops [command] --help" for more information about a command.Check the Kops version to be sure that Kops for installed correctly.
geekflare@ip-170-11-26-119:~$ kops version
Version 1.20.1 (git-5a27dad)Let us now look at few important Kops commands which are used widely by admins for executing Kubernetes operations.
Kops Commands
Below are the widely used Kops commands you must know.
kops create
The kops create command is used to register a cluster.
Syntax: kops create cluster <clustername>
There are many other parameters like zone, region, instance type, number of nodes, etc., which you can add in addition to the default command.
kops update
The kops update command is used to update the cluster with the specified cluster specification.
Syntax: kops update cluster –name <clustername>
You can run this command in the preview mode to be on the safer side, and once the preview output matches your expectation, you can run the command with –yes flag to apply the changes to the cluster.
kops get
The kops get command is used to list all the clusters.
Syntax: kops get clusters
kops delete
The kops delete command is used to delete a specific cluster from the registry and all the cloud resources assigned to that cluster.
Syntax: kops delete cluster –name <clustername>
Just like update, you can run this command also in the preview mode.
kops rolling-update
The kops rolling-update command is used to update a Kubernetes cluster to match the cloud and kops specifications.
Syntax: kops rolling-update cluster –name <clustername>
Just like update, you can run this command also in the preview mode.
kops validate
The kops validate command validates if the cluster you created is up or not. For example, if the pods and nodes are in the pending state, the validate command will return that the cluster is not healthy yet.
Syntax: kops validate cluster –wait <specified_time>
This command will wait and validate the cluster for the specified time. So, if you want to validate the cluster for five minutes, run the command with 5m as specified time.
That was all about Kops fundamentals, let me now show you how to create a Kubernetes cluster on AWS using Kops.
Set Up Kubernetes on AWS using Kops
Before you begin with the steps mentioned below, these are a few pre-requisites:
- Ubuntu 20.04
- AWS CLI
- AWS Configure
Installing kubectl
Firstly, I will install kubectl.
Kubectl is used to run command line commands on Kubernetes clusters. Download a kubectl package.
geekflare@ip-170-11-26-119:~$ curl -LO https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/$(curl -s https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/stable.txt)/bin/linux/amd64/kubectl
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 39.6M 100 39.6M 0 0 6988k 0 0:00:07 0:00:07 --:--:-- 6988kYou need to provide executable permission to the downloaded file and move it to /usr/local/bin/ directory.
geekflare@ip-170-11-26-119:~$ chmod +x ./kubectl
geekflare@ip-170-11-26-119:~$ sudo mv ./kubectl /usr/local/bin/kubectlCreate S3 Bucket
Once you have AWS CLI installed and configured in your Linux machine, you will be able to run aws commands. I have aws cli installed on my Ubuntu system, so let me run a simple command which will list all the buckets in S3.
geekflare@ip-170-11-26-119:~$ aws s3 lsIt will be empty because I don’t have any s3 bucket as of now. Let me check if any ec2 instance is running.
geekflare@ip-170-11-26-119:~$ aws ec2 describe-instances
{
"Reservations": []
}This means no ec2 instance is running as of now.
Now you need to create an s3 bucket where Kops will save all the cluster’s state information. Here I am creating an s3 bucket in the us-west-2 region with the name geekkops-bucket-1132. You can use LocationConstraint to avoid any error with the region.
geekflare@ip-170-11-26-119:~$ aws s3api create-bucket --bucket geekkops-bucket-1132 --region us-west-2 --create-bucket-configuration LocationConstraint=us-west-2
{
"Location": "http://geekkops-bucket-1132.s3.amazonaws.com/"
}If I list the aws s3 bucket again, I will get the bucket I just created.
geekflare@ip-170-11-26-119:~$ aws s3 ls
2021-06-10 16:30:13 geekkops-bucket-1132Run the below command to enable the version for the s3 bucket.
geekflare@ip-170-11-26-119:~$ aws s3api put-bucket-versioning --bucket geekkops-bucket-1132 --versioning-configuration Status=EnabledGenerate Key
Generate ssh key for which will be used by Kops for cluster login and password generation.
geekflare@ip-170-11-26-119:~$ ssh-keygen
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/home/ubuntu/.ssh/id_rsa):
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /home/ubuntu/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /home/ubuntu/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:fH4JCBXMNRqzk1hmoK+cXmwSFaeBsuGBA5IWMkNuvq0 geekflare@ip-170-11-26-119
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----+
|O=. .++Xoo |
|B++ .. @o* . |
|.= =. = = |
|o o o o o |
| . . . S o |
| o. = o . . |
| . .= + . o |
| .. + . |
| E . |
+----[SHA256]-----+Export Environment Variables
Expose the cluster name and s3 bucket as environment variables. This will be applicable only for the current session. I am using the suffix ‘.k8s.local’ because I am not using any preconfigured DNS.
geekflare@ip-170-11-26-119:~$ export KOPS_CLUSTER_NAME=geekdemo1.k8s.local
geekflare@ip-170-11-26-119:~$ export KOPS_STATE_STORE=s3://geekkops-bucket-1132Create the Cluster
Use the kops create command to create the cluster. Below are the parameters I am using to create a Kubernetes cluster on AWS using Kops:
--cloudtells the cloud provider I am using--zonesis the zone where the cluster instance will get deployed--node-countis the number of nodes to deploy in the Kubernetes cluster--node-sizeand--master-sizeare the ec2 instance types, I am using the micro instances--nameis the cluster name
geekflare@ip-170-11-26-119:~$ kops create cluster --cloud=aws --zones=eu-central-1a --node-count=1 --node-size=t2.micro --master-size=t2.micro --name=${KOPS_CLUSTER_NAME}
I0216 16:35:24.225238 4326 subnets.go:180] Assigned CIDR 172.20.32.0/19 to subnet eu-central-1a
I0216 16:35:24.068088 4326 create_cluster.go:717] Using SSH public key: /home/ubuntu/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
Previewing changes that will be made:
I0216 16:35:24.332590 4326 apply_cluster.go:465] Gossip DNS: skipping DNS validation
I0216 16:35:24.392712 4326 executor.go:111] Tasks: 0 done / 83 total; 42 can run
W0216 16:35:24.792113 4326 vfs_castore.go:604] CA private key was not found
I0216 16:35:24.938057 4326 executor.go:111] Tasks: 42 done / 83 total; 17 can run
I0216 16:35:25.436407 4326 executor.go:111] Tasks: 59 done / 83 total; 18 can run
I0216 16:35:25.822395 4326 executor.go:111] Tasks: 77 done / 83 total; 2 can run
I0216 16:35:25.823088 4326 executor.go:111] Tasks: 79 done / 83 total; 2 can run
I0216 16:35:26.406919 4326 executor.go:111] Tasks: 81 done / 83 total; 2 can run
I0216 16:35:27.842148 4326 executor.go:111] Tasks: 83 done / 83 total; 0 can run
LaunchTemplate/master-eu-central-1a.masters.geekdemo1.k8s.local
AssociatePublicIP true
HTTPPutResponseHopLimit 1
HTTPTokens optional
IAMInstanceProfile name:masters.geekdemo1.k8s.local id:masters.geekdemo1.k8s.local
ImageID 099720109477/ubuntu/images/hvm-ssd/ubuntu-focal-20.04-amd64-server-20210119.1
InstanceType t2.micro
RootVolumeSize 64
RootVolumeType gp2
RootVolumeEncryption false
RootVolumeKmsKey
SSHKey name:kubernetes.geekdemo1.k8s.local-3e:19:92:ca:dd:64:d5:cf:ff:ed:3a:92:0f:40:d4:e8 id:kubernetes.geekdemo1.k8s.local-3e:19:92:ca:dd:64:d5:cf:ff:ed:3a:92:0f:40:d4:e8
SecurityGroups [name:masters.geekdemo1.k8s.local]
SpotPrice
Tags {k8s.io/cluster-autoscaler/node-template/label/kubernetes.io/role: master, k8s.io/cluster-autoscaler/node-template/label/kops.k8s.io/instancegroup: master-eu-central-1a, k8s.io/role/master: 1, kops.k8s.io/instancegroup: master-eu-central-1a, Name: master-eu-central-1a.masters.geekdemo1.k8s.local, KubernetesCluster: geekdemo1.k8s.local, kubernetes.io/cluster/geekdemo1.k8s.local: owned, k8s.io/cluster-autoscaler/node-template/label/node-role.kubernetes.io/master: }
Subnet/eu-central-1a.geekdemo1.k8s.local
ShortName eu-central-1a
VPC name:geekdemo1.k8s.local
AvailabilityZone eu-central-1a
CIDR 172.20.32.0/19
Shared false
Tags {KubernetesCluster: geekdemo1.k8s.local, kubernetes.io/cluster/geekdemo1.k8s.local: owned, SubnetType: Public, kubernetes.io/role/elb: 1, Name: eu-central-1a.geekdemo1.k8s.local}
VPC/geekdemo1.k8s.local
CIDR 172.20.0.0/16
EnableDNSHostnames true
EnableDNSSupport true
Shared false
Tags {kubernetes.io/cluster/geekdemo1.k8s.local: owned, Name: geekdemo1.k8s.local, KubernetesCluster: geekdemo1.k8s.local}
VPCDHCPOptionsAssociation/geekdemo1.k8s.local
VPC name:geekdemo1.k8s.local
DHCPOptions name:geekdemo1.k8s.local
Must specify --yes to apply changes
Cluster configuration has been created.
Suggestions:
* list clusters with: kops get cluster
* edit this cluster with: kops edit cluster geekdemo1.k8s.local
* edit your node instance group: kops edit ig --name=geekdemo1.k8s.local nodes-eu-central-1a
* edit your master instance group: kops edit ig --name=geekdemo1.k8s.local master-eu-central-1a
Finally configure your cluster with: kops update cluster --name geekdemo1.k8s.local --yes –adminRun kops get command to see if the cluster got created.
geekflare@ip-170-11-26-119:~$ kops get cluster
NAME CLOUD ZONES
geekdemo1.k8s.local aws eu-central-1aUpdate the Cluster
To apply the specified cluster specifications to the cluster, run the kops update command.
geekflare@ip-170-11-26-119:~$ kops update cluster --name geekdemo1.k8s.local --yes --admin
I0216 16:38:16.800767 4344 apply_cluster.go:465] Gossip DNS: skipping DNS validation
I0216 16:38:16.919282 4344 executor.go:111] Tasks: 0 done / 83 total; 42 can run
W0216 16:38:17.343336 4344 vfs_castore.go:604] CA private key was not found
I0216 16:38:18.421652 4344 keypair.go:195] Issuing new certificate: "etcd-clients-ca"
I0216 16:38:18.450699 4344 keypair.go:195] Issuing new certificate: "etcd-peers-ca-main"
I0216 16:38:19.470785 4344 keypair.go:195] Issuing new certificate: "etcd-manager-ca-main"
I0216 16:38:19.531852 4344 keypair.go:195] Issuing new certificate: "etcd-peers-ca-events"
I0216 16:38:19.551601 4344 keypair.go:195] Issuing new certificate: "apiserver-aggregator-ca"
I0216 16:38:19.571834 4344 keypair.go:195] Issuing new certificate: "etcd-manager-ca-events"
I0216 16:38:19.592090 4344 keypair.go:195] Issuing new certificate: "master"
W0216 16:38:19.652894 4344 vfs_castore.go:604] CA private key was not found
I0216 16:38:19.653013 4344 keypair.go:195] Issuing new certificate: "ca"
I0216 16:38:24.344075 4344 executor.go:111] Tasks: 42 done / 83 total; 17 can run
I0216 16:38:24.306125 4344 executor.go:111] Tasks: 59 done / 83 total; 18 can run
I0216 16:38:26.189798 4344 executor.go:111] Tasks: 77 done / 83 total; 2 can run
I0216 16:38:26.190464 4344 executor.go:111] Tasks: 79 done / 83 total; 2 can run
I0216 16:38:26.738600 4344 executor.go:111] Tasks: 81 done / 83 total; 2 can run
I0216 16:38:28.810100 4344 executor.go:111] Tasks: 83 done / 83 total; 0 can run
I0216 16:38:29.904257 4344 update_cluster.go:313] Exporting kubecfg for cluster
kops has set your kubectl context to geekdemo1.k8s.local
Cluster is starting. It should be ready in a few minutes.
Suggestions:
* validate cluster: kops validate cluster --wait 10m
* list nodes: kubectl get nodes --show-labels
* ssh to the master: ssh -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa ubuntu@api.geekdemo1.k8s.local
* the ubuntu user is specific to Ubuntu. If not using Ubuntu please use the appropriate user based on your OS.
* read about installing addons at: https://kops.sigs.k8s.io/operations/addons.If you immediately check the Kubernetes nodes are running or not, you will get an error. You need to be a little patient and wait for a few minutes (5-10) till the cluster is created.
geekflare@ip-170-11-26-119:~$ kubectl get nodes
Unable to connect to the server: dial tcp: lookup api-geekdemo1-k8s-local-dason2-1001342368.eu-central-1.elb.amazonaws.com on 127.0.0.53:53: no such hostValidate the Cluster
I am running the validate command for 5 minutes to check if the cluster is up and healthy or not. In the validate output, you will be able to see the node details when they are up.
geekflare@ip-170-11-26-119:~$ kops validate cluster --wait 5m
Validating cluster geekdemo1.k8s.local
INSTANCE GROUPS
NAME ROLE MACHINETYPE MIN MAX SUBNETS
master-eu-central-1a Master t2.micro 1 1 eu-central-1a
nodes-eu-central-1a Node t2.micro 1 1 eu-central-1aList the Nodes and Pods
Now run the below command to check if all the nodes are ready and running. You can see both master and node are ready status.
geekflare@ip-170-11-26-119:~$ kubectl get nodes
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
ip-173-19-35-156.eu-central-1.compute.internal Ready master 10m v1.20.1
ip-172-36-23-149.eu-central-1.compute.internal Ready node 5m38s v1.20.1You can check all the pods running in the Kubernetes cluster.
geekflare@ip-170-11-26-119:~$ kubectl get pods --all-namespaces
NAMESPACE NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
kube-system dns-controller-8d8889c4b-xp9dl 1/1 Running 0 8m26s
kube-system etcd-manager-events-ip-173-19-35-156.eu-central-1.compute.internal 1/1 Running 0 10m
kube-system etcd-manager-main-ip-173-19-35-156.eu-central-1.compute.internal 1/1 Running 0 10m
kube-system kops-controller-9skdk 1/1 Running 3 6m51s
kube-system kube-apiserver-ip-173-19-35-156.eu-central-1.compute.internal 2/2 Running 0 10m
kube-system kube-controller-manager-ip-173-19-35-156.eu-central-1.compute.internal 1/1 Running 6 10m
kube-system kube-dns-696cb84c7-g8nhb 3/3 Running 0 4m27s
kube-system kube-dns-autoscaler-55f8f75459-zlxbr 1/1 Running 0 7m18s
kube-system kube-proxy-ip-173-19-35-156.eu-central-1.compute.internal 1/1 Running 0 10m
kube-system kube-proxy-ip-172-36-23-149.eu-central-1.compute.internal 1/1 Running 0 7m2s
kube-system kube-scheduler-ip-173-19-35-156.eu-central-1.compute.internal 1/1 Running 5 10mDelete the Cluster
Just like creating a Kubernetes cluster, deleting a Kubernetes cluster using Kops is very straightforward. This kops delete command will remove all the cloud resources of the cluster and the cluster registry itself.
geekflare@ip-170-11-26-119:~$ kops delete cluster --name geekdemo1.k8s.local --yes
TYPE NAME ID
autoscaling-config master-eu-central-1a.masters.geekdemo1.k8s.local lt-0cc11aec1943204e4
autoscaling-config nodes-eu-central-1a.geekdemo1.k8s.local lt-0da65d2eaf6de9f5c
autoscaling-group master-eu-central-1a.masters.geekdemo1.k8s.local master-eu-central-1a.masters.geekdemo1.k8s.local
autoscaling-group nodes-eu-central-1a.geekdemo1.k8s.local nodes-eu-central-1a.geekdemo1.k8s.local
dhcp-options geekdemo1.k8s.local dopt-0403a0cbbfbc0c72b
iam-instance-profile masters.geekdemo1.k8s.local masters.geekdemo1.k8s.local
iam-instance-profile nodes.geekdemo1.k8s.local nodes.geekdemo1.k8s.local
iam-role masters.geekdemo1.k8s.local masters.geekdemo1.k8s.local
iam-role nodes.geekdemo1.k8s.local nodes.geekdemo1.k8s.local
instance master-eu-central-1a.masters.geekdemo1.k8s.local i-069c73f2c23eb502a
instance nodes-eu-central-1a.geekdemo1.k8s.local i-0401d6b0d4fc11e77
iam-instance-profile:nodes.geekdemo1.k8s.local ok
load-balancer:api-geekdemo1-k8s-local-dason2 ok
iam-instance-profile:masters.geekdemo1.k8s.local ok
iam-role:masters.geekdemo1.k8s.local ok
instance:i-069c73f2c23eb502a ok
autoscaling-group:nodes-eu-central-1a.geekdemo1.k8s.local ok
iam-role:nodes.geekdemo1.k8s.local ok
instance:i-0401d6b0d4fc11e77 ok
autoscaling-config:lt-0cc11aec1943204e4 ok
autoscaling-config:lt-0da65d2eaf6de9f5c ok
autoscaling-group:master-eu-central-1a.masters.geekdemo1.k8s.local ok
keypair:key-0d82g920j421b89dn ok
Deleted kubectl config for geekdemo1.k8s.local
Deleted cluster: "geekdemo1.k8s.local"Conclusion
I hope this article on Kops was helpful, and you got to learn something new today. Kops is a fantastic tool to work with Kubernetes on the cloud. So go ahead and try out the steps mentioned in this article and set up your Kubernetes cluster on AWS using Kops.
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AviAuthorAvi is a tech enthusiast with expertise in trending technologies such as DevOps, Cloud Computing, Big Data and many more. He is passionate about learning cutting-edge technologies and sharing his knowledge with others through… read more
